By Muhammad Mohsin Iqbal From the earliest days of our schooling, when the world seemed both vast and simple, the pages of our history textbooks carried us back to the fateful events of September 6, 1965. There, in measured words and stirring accounts, we learned how a cowardly enemy launched a surprise attack upon Pakistan under the veil of darkness, violating every code of honourable warfare. The memory of that night, when aggression came without declaration or decency, has never left the national consciousness. We heard again and again theRead More

Dr. Muhammad Akram Zaheer The English philosopher Jeremy Bentham argued that governments should be judged not by slogans or ceremony, but by the extent to which they promote “the greatest happiness of the greatest number.” His famous hedonic calculus was an attempt to measure pleasure and pain through factors such as intensity, duration, certainty, nearness, extent and consequences. Though conceived in the 18th century, the idea still offers a useful lens through which modern governance can be examined. In Punjab today, where Chief Minister Maryam Nawaz Sharif has launched aRead More